Risk Factors for Inpatient Hypoglycemia in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Indonesia.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia is an important and harmful complication that often occurs in inpatient and outpatient settings. This study aims to assess the incidence of inpatient hypoglycemia and its related factors. We also assessed mortality and length of hospital stay. Methodology: We performed a retrospective cohort study among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted to a tertiary hospital in Indonesia. Using multivariate regression, we analyzed age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, history of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia treatment administered, nutritional intake, and medical instruction as the related risk factors for inpatient hypoglycemia. Results: From 475 subjects, 80 (16.8%) had inpatient hypoglycemia, of which, 7.4% experienced severe hypoglycemia. We found that patients with a history of hypoglycemia (RR: 4.6; 95% CI: 2.8-7.6), insulin and/or sulfonylurea treatment (RR 6.4; 95% CI: 1.6-26.5), and inadequate nutritional intake (RR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.5-4.3) were more likely to have hypoglycemic events compared to those who did not. The length of hospital stay for patients in the hypoglycemic group is significantly longer than those in the non-hypoglycemic group (13 vs 7 days, p<0.001), but their mortality rates did not differ (16% vs 10.9%, p=0.18). Conclusion: Inpatient hypoglycemia may be affected by a history of hypoglycemia and inadequate nutritional intake. Patients who had inpatient hypoglycemia tend to have a longer median length of hospital stay.

A prospective longitudinal study of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia (APICAL).

OBJECTIVES: Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) can complicate recovery from pulmonary TB. CPA may also be misdiagnosed as bacteriologically negative TB. This study aimed to determine the incidence of CPA in patients treated for TB in Indonesia, a country with a high incidence of TB. METHODS: In this prospective, longitudinal cohort study in patients treated for pulmonary TB, clinical, radiological and laboratory findings were analysed. Sputum was collected for fungal culture and TB PCR. Patients were assessed at baseline (0-8 weeks) and at the end (5-6 months) of TB therapy. CPA diagnosis was based on symptoms (≥3 months), characteristic radiological features and positive Aspergillus serology, and categorised as proven, probable and possible. RESULTS: Of the 216 patients recruited, 128 (59%) were followed up until end of TB therapy. At baseline, 91 (42%) had microbiological evidence for TB. Aspergillus-specific IgG was positive in 64 (30%) patients and went from negative to positive in 16 (13%) patients during TB therapy. The incidence rates of proven and probable CPA at baseline were 6% (n=12) and 2% (n=5) and end of TB therapy 8% (n=10) and 5% (n=7), respectively. Six patients (two with confirmed TB) developed an aspergilloma. Diabetes mellitus was a significant risk factor for CPA (p=0.040). Persistent cough (n=5, 50%; p=0.005) and fatigue (n=6, 60%; p=0.001) were the most common symptoms in CPA. CONCLUSION: CPA should be considered a relatively frequent differential diagnosis in patients with possible or proven TB in Indonesia. Lack of awareness and limited access to Aspergillus-specific IgG tests and CT imaging are obstacles in establishing a CPA diagnosis.